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Road to 6G: IDTechEx Investigates Emerging Low-Loss Materials

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As the world awaits the full take-off of the next generation of telecommunication technologies, 5G, important stakeholders are preparing for the future of future telecommunications – 6G. This may seem premature, given that deployment of 5G infrastructure and base stations are not nearly at their peak yet. In fact, IDTechEx forecasts that the high-frequency, high-performance bands of mmWave 5G will only take off in several years. However, for 6G technologies to eventually be deployed globally in a decade, key research and development activities by numerous stakeholders across the supply chain (i.e., telecommunications operators, component suppliers, materials suppliers, governments, academics, etc.) must take place now. This includes R&D for low-loss materials, which IDTechEx extensively explores in its report, “Low-Loss Materials for 5G and 6G 2024-2034: Markets, Trends, Forecasts“.
A look into 6G and its current status
First, it is important to understand the 5G frequency bands to understand why the 6G frequency bands seem so promising. 5G’s frequency bands include the sub-6GHz band (from 3.5 – 6 GHz) and the millimeter wave (mmWave) band (from 24 – 40 GHz). While these 5G bands can offer faster data rates, low latency, and enhanced reliability for end-users, 6G can go a step further. 6G will likely include frequency bands extending into the THz (terahertz) range (from 0.3 to 10 THz), which will be able to offer Tbps (terabits per second) data rates, microsecond latency, and extensive network dependability. Compared to 5G, 6G is expected to have a 50x higher data rate and 100x faster speeds.
With such benefits, it is not surprising that research on 6G technologies has been accelerating since 2019. The first major milestone occurred in 2017 when Huawei began its 6G research. Since then, key governmental authorities like the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have opened up THz frequencies for research, while the Chinese government began its research activities for 6G. Additionally, partnerships and consortiums are shaping up to be important hubs of innovation for future 6G technologies. Recently, the AI-RAN Alliance was launched with the goal of effectively combining artificial intelligence (AI) with wireless communication technologies; it includes many notable founding members, including Samsung Electronics, Arm, Ericsson, Microsoft, Nokia, NVIDIA, SoftBank, and Northeastern University.
Overcoming the key technical challenges of 6G
The two biggest challenges that will need to be addressed for 6G technologies are:

Very short signal propagation range
Signal loss due to line-of-sight obstacles (i.e. buildings, trees, etc.)

For the former challenge, minimizing transmission loss will require different technical advancements, including innovations in materials for 6G. Speaking broadly, materials innovation acts as an essential building block on which other technical advances can develop. For THz communications, low-loss materials that help minimize signal loss will be critical to enabling new 6G technologies and applications.
Landscape of low-loss materials for high-frequency 5G applications. Source: IDTechEx
Approaches to low-loss materials for 6G
While the precise performance targets needed for 6G are still unknown, it can be expected that next-generation low-loss materials must surpass the performance of current ultra-low-loss materials at a minimum. As such, some researchers are approaching the challenge of 6G low-loss materials from the starting point of current commercially used low-loss materials. These material approaches may incorporate novel structures or modifiers into industry-standard dielectric materials, such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) and reinforced epoxy thermosets.
Others are considering the need for low-loss materials for integrated packages. As telecommunications components continue to be integrated into smaller packages, the need for materials that facilitate such packages increases. Organic materials such as polyimide (PI) and poly p-(phenyl ether) (PPE) are being developed into build-up materials for substrates.
However, more substantial research activity is taking place for inorganic materials for integrated packages. Numerous papers have been published demonstrating the feasibility of using glass as a substrate in an antenna-integrated die-embedded package, which may reduce signal loss in the interconnects. Additionally, many papers are exploring novel ceramic compositions for low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) for 6G applications.
Lastly, other research approaches are utilizing less conventional materials, like low-cost thermoplastics, silica foams, or wood-based composites. The diversity in approaches explored by IDTechEx shows not only the level of interest in low-loss materials for 6G but also offers a look into how diverse the future landscape of low-loss materials for 6G may be.
Market forecasts for low-loss materials for 5G and 6G
The IDTechEx report, “Low-Loss Materials for 5G and 6G 2024-2034: Markets, Trends, Forecasts”, explores the technology developments and market trends driving the growth of the low-loss materials market for next-generation telecommunications. IDTechEx forecasts future revenue and area demand for low-loss materials for 5G while carefully segmenting the market by frequency (sub-6 GHz vs mmWave), six material types, and three application areas (smartphones, infrastructure, and CPEs) to provide sixty different forecast lines. For further information on low-loss materials for 5G and 6G, including material benchmarking studies, player analysis, market drivers and barriers, and granular 10-year market forecasts, please see the IDTechEx report.
For more information on this report, including downloadable sample pages, please visit www.IDTechEx.com/LowLossMats.For the full portfolio of 5G-related research available from IDTechEx, please visit www.IDTechEx.com/Research/5G.
IDTechEx provides trusted independent research on emerging technologies and their markets. Since 1999, we have been helping our clients to understand new technologies, their supply chains, market requirements, opportunities and forecasts. For more information, contact [email protected] or visit www.IDTechEx.com.
The post Road to 6G: IDTechEx Investigates Emerging Low-Loss Materials appeared first on HIPTHER Alerts.

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Unveiling the Complex Psychological Implications of Artificial Intelligence

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In today’s world, the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) presents us with fascinating possibilities and unsettling dilemmas. From engaging in nuanced conversations with humanoid robots to grappling with the consequences of deepfake technology, the advancements in AI have far-reaching implications that extend into the realm of human psychology, as noted by Joel Pearson, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of New South Wales.
While AI holds the promise of simplifying our lives, Pearson emphasizes that these developments can also have profound effects on our mental well-being, challenging our perceptions and emotional responses in ways we may not fully comprehend. Despite our fears of killer robots and rogue self-driving cars, Pearson suggests that the psychological impacts of AI are equally if not more significant, albeit less tangible.
One area of concern highlighted by Pearson is the tendency for humans to anthropomorphize AI entities, attributing human-like qualities to non-human agents such as chatbots. This phenomenon can lead to emotional attachments and vulnerabilities, as evidenced by individuals who develop romantic feelings for AI companions like Replika. Pearson underscores the need for further research into the implications of these human-AI relationships, particularly regarding their impact on interpersonal dynamics and emotional health.
Furthermore, Pearson raises alarm about the proliferation of deepfake technology, which has the potential to distort our perception of reality and erode trust in media. Deepfake images and videos, often used for nefarious purposes like non-consensual pornography, can leave lasting impressions on our psyche, even after their falsity is exposed. Pearson warns of the long-term effects of exposure to such content, particularly on vulnerable populations like teenagers whose developing brains may be more susceptible to manipulation.
In response to these challenges, Pearson calls for a nuanced understanding of AI’s psychological impact and advocates for a proactive approach to addressing its potential harms. He stresses the importance of prioritizing human connection and well-being in the face of technological uncertainty, urging individuals to reflect on their values and embrace activities that foster genuine human interaction.
Ultimately, Pearson’s message serves as a reminder that while AI offers immense potential, we must remain vigilant about its unintended consequences and prioritize our mental and emotional resilience in navigating an increasingly AI-driven world. By acknowledging the psychological implications of AI and engaging in thoughtful dialogue, we can work towards harnessing its benefits while mitigating its risks.
Source: abc.net.au

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US official calls on China and Russia to affirm human, not AI, control over nuclear weapons

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Senior U.S. Official Urges China and Russia to Affirm Human Control Over Nuclear Weapons
In a recent online briefing, Paul Dean, an arms control official from the State Department, called on China and Russia to align their declarations with those of the United States and other nations. He stressed the importance of ensuring that only humans, not artificial intelligence, are responsible for decisions regarding the deployment of nuclear weapons.
Dean highlighted Washington’s firm commitment to maintaining human control over nuclear weapons, a commitment echoed by France and Britain. He expressed the hope that China and Russia would issue similar statements, emphasizing the significance of this norm of responsible behavior, especially within the context of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
These remarks coincide with efforts by the administration of U.S. President Joe Biden to engage in separate discussions with China on nuclear weapons policy and the development of artificial intelligence.
While the Chinese defense ministry has yet to respond to these comments, discussions on artificial intelligence emerged during recent talks between U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing. Both parties agreed to hold their first bilateral talks on artificial intelligence in the coming weeks, aiming to address concerns about the technology’s risks and safety.
Although U.S. and Chinese officials resumed nuclear weapons discussions in January as part of efforts to normalize military communications, formal arms control negotiations are not expected in the near future. Meanwhile, China, amid its expansion of nuclear capabilities, previously suggested that the largest nuclear powers should prioritize negotiating a no-first-use treaty between each other.
Source: reuters.com

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Enterprise AI Faces Looming Energy Crisis

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The widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) has been remarkable, but it has come at a significant cost.
R K Anand, co-founder and chief product officer at Recogni, highlighted the exponential growth in data and compute power required to train modern AI systems. He emphasized that firms must invest substantial resources, both in terms of time and money, to train some of today’s largest foundational models.
Moreover, the expenditure doesn’t end once the models are trained. Meta, for instance, anticipates spending between $35 billion and $40 billion on AI and metaverse development this fiscal year. This substantial investment underscores the ongoing financial commitment necessary for AI development.
Given these challenges, Anand stressed the importance of developing next-generation AI inference solutions that prioritize performance and power efficiency while minimizing total ownership costs. He emphasized that inference is where the scale and demand of AI will be realized, making efficient technology essential from both a power cost and total cost of operations perspective.
AI inference, which follows AI training, is crucial for real-world applications of AI. Anand explained that while training builds the model, inference involves the AI system producing predictions or conclusions based on existing knowledge.
However, inference also represents a significant ongoing cost in terms of power and computing. To mitigate these expenses, Anand suggested methods such as weight pruning and precision reduction through quantization to design more efficient models.
Since a large portion of an AI model’s lifespan is spent in inference mode, optimizing inference efficiency becomes crucial for lowering the overall cost of AI operations.
Anand highlighted the importance of efficient inference for enterprises, noting that it enables higher productivity and returns on investment. However, he cautioned that without favorable unit economics, the AI industry could face challenges, especially considering the increasing volume of data.
Ultimately, Anand emphasized the need for AI solutions that increase productivity without significantly increasing operating costs. He predicted a shift towards allocating a larger portion of computing resources to inference as AI becomes more integrated into day-to-day work.
Source: pymnts.com

 
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