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Harnessing Plant Power: Salk Institute’s Breakthrough in Climate Change Mitigation

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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has sounded the alarm, emphasizing the urgent need to combat climate change by removing carbon from the atmosphere and curbing global temperature rise. In response, scientists at the Salk Institute are pioneering a groundbreaking approach by tapping into plants’ innate ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the air, focusing on optimizing their root systems to store carbon more effectively and for longer periods.
Leading this endeavor is Salk’s Harnessing Plants Initiative, where researchers are leveraging an innovative research tool called SLEAP—an artificial intelligence (AI) software developed by Salk Fellow Talmo Pereira. Originally designed to track animal movement, SLEAP has been repurposed in collaboration with plant scientist Professor Wolfgang Busch to analyze plant root growth patterns.
In a recent study published in Plant Phenomics, Busch and Pereira unveil a novel protocol for utilizing SLEAP to assess plant root phenotypes, including depth, width, and overall architecture—attributes that were previously cumbersome to measure manually. By employing SLEAP, researchers have compiled the most comprehensive catalog of plant root system phenotypes to date.
Furthermore, by correlating physical root system characteristics with genetic data, scientists can identify key genes associated with desirable traits, thereby informing the development of climate-resilient plant varieties.
What sets SLEAP apart is its integration of computer vision and deep learning technologies, enabling rapid and accurate analysis of plant images without the need for labor-intensive manual annotation. This revolutionary approach significantly accelerates the research process while minimizing human error.
To enhance accessibility, the researchers have developed sleap-roots—a downloadable toolkit that seamlessly integrates with SLEAP to analyze root system traits such as depth, mass, and angle of growth. Tested across various plant species, sleap-roots outperforms existing methods in terms of speed and accuracy, making it a valuable asset for plant scientists worldwide.
The implementation of SLEAP and sleap-roots not only accelerates plant engineering efforts but also contributes to Salk’s mission of combating climate change. As the collaborative team continues to refine and expand these tools, their impact on climate change research and plant engineering is poised to be transformative.
Source: phys.org
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Unveiling the Complex Psychological Implications of Artificial Intelligence

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In today’s world, the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) presents us with fascinating possibilities and unsettling dilemmas. From engaging in nuanced conversations with humanoid robots to grappling with the consequences of deepfake technology, the advancements in AI have far-reaching implications that extend into the realm of human psychology, as noted by Joel Pearson, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of New South Wales.
While AI holds the promise of simplifying our lives, Pearson emphasizes that these developments can also have profound effects on our mental well-being, challenging our perceptions and emotional responses in ways we may not fully comprehend. Despite our fears of killer robots and rogue self-driving cars, Pearson suggests that the psychological impacts of AI are equally if not more significant, albeit less tangible.
One area of concern highlighted by Pearson is the tendency for humans to anthropomorphize AI entities, attributing human-like qualities to non-human agents such as chatbots. This phenomenon can lead to emotional attachments and vulnerabilities, as evidenced by individuals who develop romantic feelings for AI companions like Replika. Pearson underscores the need for further research into the implications of these human-AI relationships, particularly regarding their impact on interpersonal dynamics and emotional health.
Furthermore, Pearson raises alarm about the proliferation of deepfake technology, which has the potential to distort our perception of reality and erode trust in media. Deepfake images and videos, often used for nefarious purposes like non-consensual pornography, can leave lasting impressions on our psyche, even after their falsity is exposed. Pearson warns of the long-term effects of exposure to such content, particularly on vulnerable populations like teenagers whose developing brains may be more susceptible to manipulation.
In response to these challenges, Pearson calls for a nuanced understanding of AI’s psychological impact and advocates for a proactive approach to addressing its potential harms. He stresses the importance of prioritizing human connection and well-being in the face of technological uncertainty, urging individuals to reflect on their values and embrace activities that foster genuine human interaction.
Ultimately, Pearson’s message serves as a reminder that while AI offers immense potential, we must remain vigilant about its unintended consequences and prioritize our mental and emotional resilience in navigating an increasingly AI-driven world. By acknowledging the psychological implications of AI and engaging in thoughtful dialogue, we can work towards harnessing its benefits while mitigating its risks.
Source: abc.net.au

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US official calls on China and Russia to affirm human, not AI, control over nuclear weapons

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Senior U.S. Official Urges China and Russia to Affirm Human Control Over Nuclear Weapons
In a recent online briefing, Paul Dean, an arms control official from the State Department, called on China and Russia to align their declarations with those of the United States and other nations. He stressed the importance of ensuring that only humans, not artificial intelligence, are responsible for decisions regarding the deployment of nuclear weapons.
Dean highlighted Washington’s firm commitment to maintaining human control over nuclear weapons, a commitment echoed by France and Britain. He expressed the hope that China and Russia would issue similar statements, emphasizing the significance of this norm of responsible behavior, especially within the context of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
These remarks coincide with efforts by the administration of U.S. President Joe Biden to engage in separate discussions with China on nuclear weapons policy and the development of artificial intelligence.
While the Chinese defense ministry has yet to respond to these comments, discussions on artificial intelligence emerged during recent talks between U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing. Both parties agreed to hold their first bilateral talks on artificial intelligence in the coming weeks, aiming to address concerns about the technology’s risks and safety.
Although U.S. and Chinese officials resumed nuclear weapons discussions in January as part of efforts to normalize military communications, formal arms control negotiations are not expected in the near future. Meanwhile, China, amid its expansion of nuclear capabilities, previously suggested that the largest nuclear powers should prioritize negotiating a no-first-use treaty between each other.
Source: reuters.com

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Enterprise AI Faces Looming Energy Crisis

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The widespread adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) has been remarkable, but it has come at a significant cost.
R K Anand, co-founder and chief product officer at Recogni, highlighted the exponential growth in data and compute power required to train modern AI systems. He emphasized that firms must invest substantial resources, both in terms of time and money, to train some of today’s largest foundational models.
Moreover, the expenditure doesn’t end once the models are trained. Meta, for instance, anticipates spending between $35 billion and $40 billion on AI and metaverse development this fiscal year. This substantial investment underscores the ongoing financial commitment necessary for AI development.
Given these challenges, Anand stressed the importance of developing next-generation AI inference solutions that prioritize performance and power efficiency while minimizing total ownership costs. He emphasized that inference is where the scale and demand of AI will be realized, making efficient technology essential from both a power cost and total cost of operations perspective.
AI inference, which follows AI training, is crucial for real-world applications of AI. Anand explained that while training builds the model, inference involves the AI system producing predictions or conclusions based on existing knowledge.
However, inference also represents a significant ongoing cost in terms of power and computing. To mitigate these expenses, Anand suggested methods such as weight pruning and precision reduction through quantization to design more efficient models.
Since a large portion of an AI model’s lifespan is spent in inference mode, optimizing inference efficiency becomes crucial for lowering the overall cost of AI operations.
Anand highlighted the importance of efficient inference for enterprises, noting that it enables higher productivity and returns on investment. However, he cautioned that without favorable unit economics, the AI industry could face challenges, especially considering the increasing volume of data.
Ultimately, Anand emphasized the need for AI solutions that increase productivity without significantly increasing operating costs. He predicted a shift towards allocating a larger portion of computing resources to inference as AI becomes more integrated into day-to-day work.
Source: pymnts.com

 
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